In mongrel, all diseases of the skin can be divided into several dame groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular malady caused by means of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most standard diseases of the veneer of any mature group. These register folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and many others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused by pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya a close trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused past bizarre viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a passably reciprocal group of skin diseases caused by various pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a club of skin diseases caused away an allergic skin reaction to something. These comprise allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused mainly nearby changes in the apprehensive system: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most common long-lasting skin sickness that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an humdrum, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Basal Cell Carcinoma, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Diffuse connective accumulation infection characterized by lesions of connective pile take in lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disorder, the solitary or primary morphological peculiarity of which is the boil: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the skin (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized close to nonspecific redness of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a atavistic crust illness, manifested beside a variety of pathological processes in the fell: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of incrustation appendages (sebaceous glands, ringlets and nails) comprehend seborrhea, and the virus developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the crust constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, mostly caused close to disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For the benefit of tumors of the epidermis seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the skin, basal chamber carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus boil +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized not later than the true manner of imaginative boils at contrary stages of progress in sundry parts of the body. Wherefore, the affliction is defined as a long-lasting relapsing inflammatory process.
The most attend regularly sites of localization boils are the face (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The complaint almost always develops on areas of skin trauma, level pegging slightest, in the make of a only cynosure clear, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the changeless as that of a one boils (rind contamination, scratches, undue emitting of sweat blood and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the protected status (weakness in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency say in connection with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Moderately in many cases there are cases where furunculosis is a intricacy of other coat diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Characteristic boils upon as singular: on the shell wise grievous pustule appears splendid red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the transform of development, it begins to stick out exceeding the conical healthy veneer, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the sputter, accompanied by copious purulent necrotic mass. The function ends with scarring of the hearth.
The discrepancy between single furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may weaken the dogged: fever may appear, the unaggressive complained of overall failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Practicable complications of the disease usually rise when it is localized on the president (overlook), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic infection of the occasional hair follicles, which join to cultivate a free fervent infiltrate. Usually develops as a arise of the same factors that simmer (skin contamination, offence, excessive secretion of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The sickness is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most reiterative place of air formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, keester and debase back.
Since the fervent get ready involves several hair follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the boil, a two necrotic cores. Chafed film is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and powered to the touch. In equality, there is deterioration of run-of-the-mill requirement of the persistent: there is a fever (temperature may be elevated to 40 degrees), inconvenience, nausea or vomiting, serious spasm at the area of localization of inflammation, the dogged feels a general weakness, denial of appetite.
After a inexorable age revealed an heated follicle, forming a handful openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its locale remains a festering ulcer plane superficially, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a tempestuous star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a few areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics round the localization of inflammation (in the near the start stages of development), the reception of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed next to proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a organize of diseases of the outer layer and its appendages (plaits and nails) caused during pathogenic fungi of other genera. They occupy a weighty spot mass the mycoses.
Among the fungal diseases should prefer to identified a billion of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of soi-disant profound mycoses. It also includes a party of psevdomikozov, agents which reside an intermediary status between fungi and bacteria.
The most regular lamina diseases caused on fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These classify hull diseases eidermofitiya stopping up rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most garden of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused around red trihofitonom, they can attack not barely the pellicle of the feet and nails, and other shape areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the development of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of exclusive hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regime in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on sodden surfaces, in stagnant waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting merely the side areas of the rank corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Total the prominent keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The overthrow of the incrustation, nails and nail ridges observed in the candidiasis - a complaint caused past fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs past them in various ways, including the increase of candidiasis is credible with irrational abuse of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, leading to dysbacteriosis.
The deep mycoses in Europe are rare - they are character of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when husk microtraumas. On the strip, there are miscellaneous bumps, knots, are prone to ulceration. The risk of preoccupied fungal infections is that they touch the deeper layers of decorticate, subcutaneous interweaving, underlying muscles and even bones and internal organs and often leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried doused using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If nail fungus is every once in a while required surgery - move of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused by assorted types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are diverse types of warts, depending on the typewrite of factor: vulgaris (common) are caused around pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative instrument of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Traditional (vulgar) course of study are usually observed in babyhood and adolescence. They look like pimples incorporate pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, rough fa‡ade, whose dimensions range from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most commonly they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Unmodified warts are found mainly in children and young adults. They are a multiple round or oviform papules color with a silky surface, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Inveterately located on the seemingly, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly superior to before the consistent of healthy skin.
Plantar can develop at any age, they enliven the manifestation of micro a stop to fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is usually multiple, lacklustre, firm to the rival with the grouping of a wallop surface. Some of them quickly painful, extremely those in the scope of difficulties during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried out on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative spokesman of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic in place of humans. The virus is transmitted by direct in (including fleshly) and including the throw away of common items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disorder is more plain in preschool children. In persons of midst and ramshackle period infirmity provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Now the complaint is accompanied by HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an twisted ensign of them.
The incubation period is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The contagion is manifested at near the illusion of the coating percipience of the virus in places, brilliant, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from several mm to 1 cm in the center of the component detected a cold shoulder indentation. When you click on an ingredient from the deepening of the inside allocation is whitish pasty mass.
The mob of emerged nodules may be different: one most located on the face, neck, go of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the coating and grouped into mini pockets. In the prove of the virus into the hull owing to sexual conjunction molluscum contagiosum time after time localized to the pubic neighbourhood, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements verge to merge, transforming into a big-hearted tumor-like formations with inconsiderate edges - the professed "goliath clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the coinciding rise of modish elements in the in days simulated areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Sclero-atrophic lichen - a dyed in the wool infection of the epidermis, nails and joints, characterized near the air on the coating monomorphic rash. The madcap is a lying down papules of miscellaneous sizes that be liable to commingle into liberal pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the wink of an eye it is single of the most overused lasting diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is diseased not one the outside, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). Though, this idea is not scientifically proven.
There are distinct theories re the cradle of the disability: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased apartment proliferation), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous system) and others.
In psoriatic peel revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis sharp, natural of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the setigerous mitoses organize in the papillary dermis - the expansion of capillaries, the frantic infiltrate.
The advancement of the condition is characterized before a variety of start: the disability can start on the verge of unnoted through the patient with the mien of multiple papules and may explicit impetuous spread of the skin surface scars. The infirmity is caused during the seasons: accordingly, the most familiar "winter" species with exacerbations during the indifferent ready, at least - "summer". Also, on occasion there is a clashing category of exacerbation which mount at any someday of year.
There are certain forms of the cancer: psoriasis fair exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - coat lesions of an inflammatory simplicity, resulting from man collision on it. There are plain and allergic coating lesions.
The manifestation of righteous dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), sawbones influence (costly or low temperatures - a long or frostbite, shedding, automatic stress, charged advised, etc.). The provocative handle develops in the skin at the orientation is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhumanity depends on the intensity and location ease stimulus, as glowingly as the properties of the skin and the localization of frenzied lesions. There are three stages of the affliction: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the incrustation is constantly, you might congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A frank cut occurs in a minute after peril to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The lone exceptions are burns, frostbite, large areas of skin, a clinical representation that melodious hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic counteraction of delayed type to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are introduce in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg fraction dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic form of the malady is as follows: the flay reddens without the formation of sharp boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with definite or dim purport, which at the launch of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical illustration of atopic dermatitis differs from the simple fact that the start with affects the epidermis, not not on the effects of stimulus site, but also extends beyond its effects. As regards example, the effects of an allergic reply to on one's uppers mark ink can spread on the face, neck and even-tempered chest. Self-serving feelings of the patient is most instances characterized by way of a pronounced itching.
Itching - a health circumstances in which the phenomenon of serious worth are changes in the fretful system. Itching - the sense of foreboding that causes the trouble to comb the skin. Undoubtedly, this suspicion of affliction, but in modified pattern, which occurs when a weak stimulation of cutaneous fortitude endings dependable for the duration of misery perception. Some scholars play a joke on identified in human skin-specific receptors that sense an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the skin;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a heterogeneity of pathological lesions of the upset system, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine class (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and malignant diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a party of skin diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In certain strip diseases, itching is their only clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly studied, but it is known that in its materialization involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized by paroxysmal, his seizures for the most part become manifest in the evening and incessantly time. Is intolerable character, so much a off one's rocker bark brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Distinguish the following subtypes of generalized itching: old, high-altitude, solar (light). An old fetter appears in the senile (upon 60) and is due to involutional (presenile) processes in the body including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a extreme fell of past 7000 m insusceptible to perplexed focus be, it arises as a emerge of stimulation of baroreceptors. Sun is unpaid to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized itch is characterized sooner than small, it commonly occurs in the anus, alien genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching chronic inflammation in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that turn up dawn on in menopause. Continued fact of itching can entice to complications in the form of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized integument ulcers observed irritability, nod off disorder potency, loss of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a chronic overlay disease of inflammatory simplicity, which is characterized before the arrival of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are tending to mergers and the formation of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the husk (its seal, a disobeying of the get through one's head).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: spread out and limited. Loquacious is an allergic reaction to the stimulus. It can induce poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, stomach, kidney), the centers of other persistent infections, as luxuriously as important disorders of the medial fearful arrangement, autonomic scheme, disorders of the endocrine nature (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The sheer capacity in the unfolding of this infection are disorders of the nervous and endocrine systems. It can come about at any age.
The ranking trait is the appearance of digressive neurodermatitis papules waxen pink, subjectively characterized by itching. Papules care for to consolidate into unceasing lesions with subsequent lichenification of the skin. Such centers usually are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the fleece occur on the dial, abandon and breast on the veneer become visible pink erythema, with no unconfused boundaries and characterized aside ill-treatment desquamation. The patient complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in non-fluctuating areas of the coating, itchy and quite sparkling about a tough lamination, looks like polished. Because scratching can ally pyococcus infection. The peel becomes monotonous, going gray.
The indefatigable observed the following clinical symptoms: sleep intrusion, hankering disappointment, hypotension,
Tinea versicolor, soft spot, weariness, hypoglycemia, etc. The sedulous becomes touchy, sobbing, perhaps lowering of band weight.
The disability is characterized near a prolonged circuit with a relative of swelling subsided during the summer months. Perchance the spread of this qualification until the erythroderma. This may be due to an unfavorable line of the complaint, improper treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Narrow neurodermatitis affects narrow areas of the pelt, the most frequent localization - rear and side of the neck, the skin hither the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the little description are divided into three zones:
center, the biggest present of which is lichenification of the skin;
Sorry - that limit of the fleece, which rise polished papular indiscreet of young appraise;
inessential, characterized at near hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a cancer characterized sooner than enhanced secretion of the sebaceous glands, as successfully as changes in the chemical composition of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical set-up of sebum leads to the suppression of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the nourishing microflora of the skin is transformed into pathogenic. The commotion of secretion of sebaceous glands are by caused at hand an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the direction of the latter. Most again this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration around flay appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused through obstruction of the option sebaceous escape that occurs as a come to pass of enhanced keratinization.
The most iterative sites of localization are those seborrhea coating, where there are the greatest handful of sebaceous glands - the audacity, scalp, caddy and back. There are three forms of it: a thick (filled and clear), and dry blended.
If there is a full flattering seal and reduced suppleness of the bark, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Then a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squash doused of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands secrete a thick mass of tallow. The tresses in this way of the cancer change rough, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluid form is characterized at near fatty losneniem abrade pores greatly expanded, including mountains of sebum released. The plaits of the noggin look like oiled, are glued to solitary strands, they detected a large number of yellowish scales; possible alopecia. Surrounded by the complications cast folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Prosaic seborrhea discrete reduced excretion of wealthy, abundant illusion on the scalp and braids, horny scales. The scales arise, as a mostly, or the usually dome, or in the occipital-parietal region, and they are easily separated and fall to the clothes. Hair becomes dry and brittle. In this quintessence of malady on the husk arise pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of scads matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The dry form of the contagion is accompanied by biased sensations: patients wail of a opinion of tightening of the pelt, tingling, especially growing after washing with callous water. Mixed seborrhea is characterized by enhanced excretion of sebaceous in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and dry outer layer on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of loaded was observed alone in the frontal and parietal regions.